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【佳學(xué)基因檢測】胰腺癌液體活檢之循環(huán)腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)基因檢測

腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放的cfDNA通常稱為ctDNA,是癌癥的高度特異性標(biāo)志物?;蚪獯a研究表明,ctDNA通常攜帶胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)組織中常見的致癌突變,涉及基因,如Kristen大鼠肉瘤(KRAS)、細(xì)胞周期依

佳學(xué)基因檢測】胰腺癌液體活檢之循環(huán)腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)基因檢測


1948年,Mandel和Metais報道了人類血液中存在無細(xì)胞核酸片段的證據(jù)。值得注意的是,早在1977年,León及其同事就對癌癥患者的循環(huán)DNA發(fā)表了有趣的聲明。細(xì)胞外DNA,也稱為循環(huán)游離DNA(cfDNA),包括從細(xì)胞釋放的細(xì)胞核和/或線粒體DNA,存在于各種生理循環(huán)液中。腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放的cfDNA通常稱為ctDNA,是癌癥的高度特異性標(biāo)志物。基因解碼研究表明,ctDNA通常攜帶胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)組織中常見的致癌突變,涉及基因,如Kristen大鼠肉瘤(KRAS)、細(xì)胞周期依賴性激酶抑制劑2A(CDKN2A)、腫瘤蛋白53(TP53)和SMAD家族成員4(SMAD4)/Delete in Pancrec Cancer-4(DPC4)。值得注意的是,根據(jù)基因檢測大數(shù)據(jù)機構(gòu)佳學(xué)基因的統(tǒng)計,在可檢測到ctDNA的胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)病例中,分別有超過90%和73%的病例到KRAS突變或p53失活。

各種技術(shù),如等位基因特異性聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)、數(shù)字PCR(dPCR)、液滴數(shù)字PCR(ddPCR)、珠乳液擴增磁學(xué)(BEAMing)和下一代測序(NGS),可用于檢測液體活檢(LB)樣本中的ctDNA。雖然檢測ctDNA可能帶來挑戰(zhàn),但結(jié)合各種技術(shù)可以提高這一過程的正確性和效率。

一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與胰腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤或CP患者相比,從胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)患者中檢測到的cfDNA水平更高,并且與較差的疾病特異性生存率有關(guān)。在胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)患者ctDNA檢測到的所有突變基因中,KRAS是賊常見的(50-90%)。雖然突變也可以在健康對照和CP患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),但其突變水平在胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)中明顯更高。 在他們的綜述中,朱和他的同事強調(diào),雖然ctDNA的靈敏度略低于CTC,但ctDNA提供了更高的特異性。值得注意的是,雖然ctDNA的檢測被認(rèn)為適用于診斷胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC),但并不適合篩查。ctDNA在早期胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(PDAC)中的靈敏度有限,這是由于該階段細(xì)胞壞死極少,導(dǎo)致只有少量ctDNA釋放到外周血液中。
 

Table 1:Comparison between biomarkers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ctDNA

Target KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, BRAF, PIK3CA, ADAMTS1, BNC1, 5MC, H2AZ, H2A1.1, H3K4me2, h2ak119ub CD45, CEP8, CK, EpCAM KRAS, TP53, RNA: miRNA, longRNA
Proteins markers: EFGR, EPCAM, MUC-1, GPC-1, WNT2
Isolation Blood Blood Body fluids
Tumor information Epigenetic information DNA, RNA, Protein DNA, RNA, Protein
Technological approaches qPCR, dPCR, ddPCR, NGS, commercial kits Immunoaffinity, Physical methods (size and density) Density-based, size-based, affinity-based, commercial kits
Advantages qPCR: Fast and low-cost
dPCR: High sensitivity/Specificity
NGS: capability to screen for a broad range of genetic variants using high DNA input
Immunoaffinity: Specific, label-free obtained
Physical methods: Fast, simple, Low-cost, label-free obtained
Density-based: low cost. Independent of marker expression.
Size-based: Low-cost, fast, Independent of marker expression.
Affinity-based: Specificity. High purity.
Commercial kits: Simple, fast.
Disadvantages General: No early stages
qPCR: Low sensitivity. Only points mutations.
dPCR: High cost. Only points mutations.
NGS: Variable sensitivity. High cost.
General: Isolation complex and expensive. Technical variability
Immunoaffinity: capture only one subpopulation. Low purity.
Physical methods: Needs immuno-labeling techniques to distinguish CTCs
General: Isolation complex by contamination and expensive
Density-based: Time, high volume sample, can damage EVs.
Size based: contamination.
Affinity-based: low sample yield.
Commercial kits: High cost.
Sensitivity (S) (%) 34–71%
KRAS mutations: codons 12, 13, 61, in different stages.
73–76%
CD45/CEP8
100% Mt, 58% resectable
Anti-EpCAM portal vein Blood
67% ES, 80% LA, 85% Mt
KRAS mutations in exoDNA
50% ES
GPC1
miRNAs
Increased expression
Specificity (Sp) (%) 75–81%
Mutations KRAS exon 2
68%
CD45/CEP8
90% ES
GPC1
Combined techniques (%) S: 85–98%, Sp: 77–81%
ctDNA (KRAS exon 2) with CA19.9
S: 47%
ctDNA (KRAS MAFs) with CA19.9
S: 100%, Sp: 80%
CTCs.with EVs
NR
Application No suitable for screening of PDAC
Monitoring postoperative minimal residual disease
Predictor of disease recurrence and prognosis
Not present in healthy controls
Variable sensitivity in early diagnosis
Excellent specificity.
Follow-up of disease recurrence and prognosis
Functional analysis drug resistance
The highest sensitivity and specificity in early detection
Evaluated response of resection or any therapy
Biotherapeutic application
CTCs EVs

BEAMing: beads-emulsion-amplification-magnetics; CEP8: chromosome 8 centromere; ctDNA: circulating tumor DNA; CTC: circulating tumor cells; dPCR: digital polymerase chain reaction; ddPCR: droplet digital PCR; EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule; ES: early stages; EVs: extracellular vesicles; GPC1: glypican-1; LA: locally advanced; miRNA: micro-RNA; Mt: metastatic; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NR: not reported.
 

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10855073/


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